What should I do if someone collapses in a busy or crowded area?

• First make sure the environment is safe for both you and the victim. If the area is crowded, ask bystanders to give you space and to keep traffic or passersby clear. A safe, open space makes it easier to begin CPR, or use an AED.

How do I handle family members or bystanders who are panicking?

• It's common for family or onlookers to panic during emergencies. Calmly assign simple tasks such as “Please call 911,” “Please get the AED,” or “Please help keep the area clear.” Giving people a role helps reduce panic and keeps the scene organized 

Is it true that CPR can break ribs?

• Yes. Rib fractures can occur during CPR, even when performed correctly. However, CPR’s goal is to keep blood circulating and preserve life. A broken rib is far less serious than the consequences of not receiving CPR during cardiac arrest

Is mouth-to-mouth still used in CPR, and do I need special equipment?

• Rescue breaths are still part of CPR performed by EMS, or in situations like drowning, overdose, or for young children. It is not necessary in most adult CPR before EMS arrives. If giving rescue breaths, it is recommended to use a barrier device (such as a face shield or mask) to reduce disease transmission.

Is calling 911 enough if I'm too afraid to perform CPR? 

• Calling 911 is always the right first step, and dispatcher-assisted CPR can guide you through hands-only CPR, which is simple and does not require giving breaths. Without your 911 call and CPR help, the person’s chances of survival decrease every minute.

Why should I help a stranger, shouldn’t only family members give care?

• Anyone can save a life. Most cardiac arrests happen outside the hospital, and immediate CPR from any bystander, family member or stranger, can double or triple the chance of survival. That said, no one is legally required to help unless they have a specific duty to act. Training increases confidence and reduces hesitation.

If there’s an AED available, am I supposed to just use that instead of doing CPR?

• An AED is designed for ordinary people to use, even without training. It gives step-by-step voice instructions. You should use both if possible: send someone to get the AED, start CPR immediately, and use the AED as soon as it arrives. CPR keeps blood circulating to the brain, and the AED can restore a normal heart rhythm. If you are not physically able to perform CPR, using an AED alone is also an option.

What if I'm afraid of making a mistake while helping?

• Remember that doing something is always better than doing nothing, and Good Samaritan protections exist for those acting in good faith. Focus on basic, life-saving actions: check responsiveness, call 911, perform hands-only CPR if needed, and use an AED if available. 

What if the person does not survive despite my efforts?

• Even if the person does not survive, your efforts still matter. Providing CPR or first aid can give the person the best chance of survival and may help in future emergencies as well.

Can older adults provide effective help in emergencies?

• Yes. People of any age can perform hands-only CPR, use an AED, and take other life-saving actions. With proper training and realistic assessment of their own physical ability, older adults can be lifesavers.